Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech : Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words. Quotation marks are used. Indirect Speech: Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words. Not all of the exact words are used : verb forms and pronouns may change. Quotation marks are not used.
Direct speech Indirect speech a) Ann said,” I am hungry.” (b) Ann said that she was hungry. c) Tom said,” I need my pen.” (d) Tom said that he needed his pen.	Notice in the examples: The verb forms and pronouns change from direct speech to indirect speech.

Pemakaian bentuk verba dalam percakapan langsung : sequence of tenses formal.

Formal : If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (e.g.,said), the verb in the noun clause is usually also in the past form.* Notice the verb form changes in the example below.

Direct speech Indirect speech a) He said,” I work hard.”-------------------------He said (that) he worked hard. b) He said,” I am working hard.”----------------He said (that) he was working hard. c) He said,” I have worked hard.”---------------He said (that) he had worked hard. d) He said,” I worked hard.” ---------------------He said (that) he had worked hard. e) He said,” I am going to work hard.”---------He said (that) he was going to work hard. f) He said,” I will work hard.”-------------------He said (that) he would work hard. g) He said,” I can work hard.”-------------------He said (that) he could work hard. h) He said,” I may work hard.”------------------He said(that) he might work hard. i) He said,” I have to work hard.”--------------He said (that) he had to work hard. j) He said,” I must work hard.”-----------------He said (that) he had to work hard. k) He said,” I should work hard.”---------------He said (that) he should work hard. (no change) l) He said,” I ought to work hard.”-------------He said (that) he ought to work hard.(no change)

INFORMAL: Sometimes, especially in speaking, the verb in the noun clause is not changed if the speaker is reporting something immadiately or soon after it was said.

(m) Immediate reporting : A: What did Ann just say? I didn’t hear her. B: She said (that) she is hungry. (n) Later reporting : A: What did Ann say when she got home last night? B: She said (that) she was hungry.

*If the main verb of the sentences is in the present ( e.g, says), no change is made in the verb tense or modal in the noun clause.

He says,” I work hard .”-----------------------------He says(that) he works hard.

He says,” I’m working hard.”----------------------He says (that) he was working hard.

He says,” I worked hard.”--------------------------He says (that) he worked hard.

He says,” I will work hard.” -----------------------He says (that) he will work hard.

MENGGUNAKAN SAY vs TELL

a) Ann said that she was hungry.	Say is followed by a noun clause.
b) Ann told me that she was hungry. c) Ann told us that she was hungry. d) Ann told john that she was hungry. e) Ann told someone that she was hungry	Tell is not followed immadiately by a noun clause. Tell is followed immadiately by a(pro) noun object ( e.g, me, us, john, someone) and then by noun clause. INCORRECT: Ann told that she was hungry

MENGGUNAKAN ASK IF

Ask, not say or tell, is used to report yes or no question.
YES/NO QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE Sam said to me ,” Are you hungry?” a) Sam asked me if I was hungry. Sam said to jane, “ Are you hungry?” b) Sam asked jane if she was hungry?”
c)INCORRECT : Sam asked me that I was hungry.	If, NOT that, is used after ask to introduce a noun clause.
d)Sam asked me if I was hungry. e)Sam asked me whether I was hungry.	Whether has the same meaning with if .
f)Sam asked if I was hungry.	The (pro)noun object (e.g, me) may be omitted after ask.
g)Sam wanted to know if I was hungry. h)Sam wondered if I was hungry. i)Sam inquired whether or not I was hungry.	In addition to ask, yes/no question can be reported by using want to know, wonder and inquire.

MENGGUNAKAN VERBA + INFINITIF UNTUK PERCAKAPAN TAK LANGSUNG

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH a) Joe said,” Please come to my party.” b) Joe said,” Can you come tomy party?” d) Joe invited me to come to his party. c) Joe said,” Would you like to come to my party?”
S + V + N+ INFINITIVE PHRASE e)Joe invited me to come to his party. f) I told Ann to study harder.	Some verbs are followed immediately by a (pro)noun object and then an infinitive phrase. These verbs (see the list below) are often used to indirect speech
DIRECT SPEECH : VERB + (PRO)NOUN OBJECT+ INFINITIF* Advise someone to invite someone to remind someoneto Ask someone to ordersomeone to tell someone to Encourage someone to permit someone to warn someome to

*Other common verbs followed by a (pro)noun object and infinitive:

Allow convince instruct

Beg direct persuade

challenge expect urge

Contoh bila kalimat negatif

1. Bill said,” Don’t touch that hot pot.”

Bill warned me not to touch that hot pot.*